Tools › Fluids and Heat Transfer

Fluids and Heat Transfer

16 tools in 9 sections. Each tool page shows the method with the numbers substituted, its references and the published examples it reproduces.

Pipe Flow 3

• Pipe Flow Incompressible flow of a liquid in a pipe: Reynolds number and regime, the Darcy friction factor by the Colebrook equation (iterated to 1e-12) with the Swamee–Jain and…
• Water Hammer and Pipe Expansion Two pipe-line checks. Surge: the pressure-wave speed in a liquid-filled pipe from the fluid bulk modulus and the pipe elasticity (thin or thick wall, the three…
• Flow Measurement: Orifices, Nozzles, Weirs and Flumes

Pumps and Fans 2

• Pump and Fan Performance Operating point and scaling of a centrifugal pump or fan. A pasted performance curve (flow, head or total pressure, optional efficiency and power at a reference speed…
• Compressed Air System Sizing Sizes an industrial compressed air system from a list of tools and processes: the average, peak and connected demand with the duty cycles and the units running at the…

Compressible Flow 2

• Compressible Flow Tables The compressible-flow relations of NACA Report 1135 (Ames Research Staff 1953, Equations, Tables, and Charts for Compressible Flow) for a perfect gas of any…
• Pressure Relief Valve and Rupture Disk Sizing Required effective orifice area of a pressure relief valve or rupture disk and the API 526 letter that provides it, for gas or vapour (the isentropic-nozzle equation in…

Conduction 2

• Thermal Stress and Conduction Four thermal analyses chosen by checkboxes. Thermal stress: a bar heated between rigid walls with an optional initial gap, two segments in series, members in parallel (a…
• Fins and Extended Surfaces Performance of a single fin and of a fin array by the classical one-dimensional theory: the fin parameter m = √(hP/(kA_c)), the temperature distribution, the heat rate,…

Convection 1

• Convection Correlations Convective heat-transfer coefficient from the standard correlations, every one that applies to the case shown side by side with its validity range.

Radiation 1

• Radiation View Factors View factors between surfaces from the closed forms of Hamilton and Morgan (NACA TN 2836): aligned parallel rectangles, perpendicular rectangles sharing an edge, coaxial…

Heat Exchangers 2

• Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Effectiveness–NTU analysis of a two-stream heat exchanger. In rating mode the overall conductance UA is known and the tool finds the heat transferred and both outlet…
• Heat Exchanger Sizing and Pressure Drop Thermal design of a two-stream heat exchanger by the LMTD method: the duty and the missing outlet temperatures from the energy balance, the log-mean temperature…

Thermodynamic Cycles 2

• Power and Refrigeration Cycles State-by-state analysis of the five textbook power and refrigeration cycles. Brayton (gas turbine: pressure ratio, turbine inlet temperature, compressor and turbine…
• Steam System and Boiler Efficiency Boiler efficiency by the heat-loss (indirect) method from the fuel ultimate analysis, the flue-gas oxygen or carbon dioxide and the stack temperature (dry-gas,…

Fluid Properties 1

• Fluid Property Lookup Thermodynamic and transport properties of water and steam, eight ideal gases and four refrigerants at a state fixed by any supported pair of variables.